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  继电器控制电机-辐射干扰问题
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      <h2 id="Multisim仿真"><a href="#Multisim仿真" class="headerlink" title="Multisim仿真"></a>Multisim仿真</h2><p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/1582379640328.png" alt="1582379640328"></p>
<a id="more"></a>

<p>仿真结果：</p>
<p>开关是继电器（不像MOS有体二极管）必须要加续流二极管（吸收二极管），去除断开瞬间的反向电压（几十KV）。</p>
<p>上图是C1电容取值100uF的结果，可见上升时间10+ms，下降时间很长，能够明显降低dv/dt。</p>
<p>R1不能太小，太小时上升时间短，但是R1大了，电机分压就会减小，这是极为不利的。</p>
<p>R3可断开，如上接法只是测试双掷开关右侧不悬空的状态。</p>
<p>C1必须要无极性，上电时电压骤升，电感阻碍电流上升，但是电容的特性是在dv/dt 大的时候电流大，正好分流了较大的电流；断开时，电机反向电动势很大，电容反向充电，分流部分大电流。</p>
<p>断开时候，电路中的发生LC振荡，因为有电阻存在，能量渐渐消耗至0。</p>
<p>J2开关常闭，仿真结果一样，负载端可以“瞬间悬空”？</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/1582381286690.png" alt="1582381286690"></p>
<p>R6值=22Ω时，如上图会出现振荡波形，减小到22mΩ，情况改善。振荡的来源是？</p>
<p>应该是来自LC震荡，电阻减小波形中频率提高幅值降低，所以不明显，并非不存在，</p>
<h2 id="实际硬件测试结果"><a href="#实际硬件测试结果" class="headerlink" title="实际硬件测试结果"></a>实际硬件测试结果</h2><p>今天的实际硬件是R1极小，R6=22Ω，断开时，下降过程有明显的振荡，符合仿真结论：</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00000.png" alt="tek00000"></p>
<p>导通时，上升波形很快，符合仿真结果，但是出现断断续续的情况，有可能是继电器触点震动导致</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00005.png" alt="tek00005"></p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00010.png" alt="tek00010">干扰信号通过示波器探头闭合线圈测试，不做处理（无电容，无续流二极管）的情况：</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00024.png" alt="tek00024"></p>
<p>有时情况会比上图更差。</p>
<h2 id="新的电路，新的结论"><a href="#新的电路，新的结论" class="headerlink" title="新的电路，新的结论"></a>新的电路，新的结论</h2><p>实际电路R1和R6都是0，这样，仅仅是加了一个滤波电容，取值220uF，还有续流二极管</p>
<h3 id="续流二极管效果"><a href="#续流二极管效果" class="headerlink" title="续流二极管效果"></a>续流二极管效果</h3><p>查看24V供电回路波形：</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00000-1582531267010.png" alt="tek00000"></p>
<p>上图，已经去掉了反向电动势，整体平滑，由于没有强阻尼作用，下降很慢，且LC震荡周期很大。</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00007.png" alt="tek00007"></p>
<p>上升波形情况改善，没有突然的下降脉冲。</p>
<h3 id="滤波电容作用"><a href="#滤波电容作用" class="headerlink" title="滤波电容作用"></a>滤波电容作用</h3><p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00014.png" alt="tek00014"></p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00009.png" alt="tek00009"></p>
<p>上图显示有固定频率的干扰脉冲，应该是电刷导致的。</p>
<p>一旦有滤波电容，改善明显，24不再有杂波信号。</p>
<h3 id="供电回路屏蔽接地"><a href="#供电回路屏蔽接地" class="headerlink" title="供电回路屏蔽接地"></a>供电回路屏蔽接地</h3><p>简单的使用屏蔽胶带缠绕电线并连接到220插座地线，配合滤波电容和续流二极管，效果明显，测试干扰探头测出异常波形在±100mV范围内，而不加屏蔽接地的结果是约1.5V内。</p>
<p>（干扰测试用示波器闭合线圈，仅仅是定性判断，幅值只在相同条件下有对比意义）</p>
<p>下图，看一个原始电路的波形，耦合到示波器探头电压竟然达到8V之大，可想而知耦合到电路板上其干扰有多大。</p>
<p><img src="/2020/ck705wbif00025srh40ltc6y2/tek00020.png" alt="tek00020"></p>
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>本文从电磁干扰的示波结果和24V电源回路两个方面探讨直流电机的干扰和抑制。</p>
<p>使用RC电路串联，结果不理想，原因在于充电速度慢，抵消不了接通时的强电流，也抵消不了断开后的强反电动势。</p>
<p>屏蔽接地是强力的抗干扰措施，在测试环境中为了彻底排除空气泵的电磁干扰，也是不得不采用。</p>
<p>还有直流电机其他问题，以后再做总结：</p>
<ol>
<li>关于直流电机的启动电流，直流电机不是用“启动电容”，只有交流电机才需要启动电容</li>
<li>电机恒定到固定转速的原因，感应电流，反电动势</li>
<li>停机反电动势，停机电磁干扰</li>
<li>电刷的干扰</li>
<li>是否有必要软启动</li>
<li>直流驱动中，RC吸收到底有没有用</li>
</ol>

      
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